2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题及答案

完形填空（数字后面单词为正确答案）
There's nothing more welcoming than opening a door for you.（1）Without the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in（2）improving disabled access to buildings and helping provide general（3）convenience to commercial buildings.
Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years（4）successively by two Americans, Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt. They（5）started out as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their（6） benefits have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly（7）useful in busy locations and during times of emergency, the doors（8）act as crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.
（9）As well as making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps to reduce the total area（10）. occupied by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these（11）allow smaller spaces to maximise the usable space inside without having to（12）clear the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each（13）relying on specific signals to tell them when to open.（14）Although these methods differ, the main（15）principles remain the same.
Each automatic door system（16）analyses the light, sound, weight, or movement in their vicinity as a signal. Sensor-types are chosen to（17）compare the different environments they are needed in.（18）For example, a busy road might not（19）suit a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure-sensitive mat would be more（20）appropriate to limit the surveyed area.
答案:
1-10题：DCBAB CADAD
11-20题：ACCDC BDCBA
英语一Text 1
Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of them. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-meter-deep pit covered by two meters of gravel.
Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapons-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.
Later civilizations would value the skilled blacksmith's labor in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book "Nuts and Bolts," early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes.
The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sidel points out in a research paper. According to Sidel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.
Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sidel studied them because they haven't changed much.
21、Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of
A) saving them for future use
B) keeping them from rusting
C) letting them grow in value
D) hiding them from locals
22、The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to
A) highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists
B) illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period
C) contrast the attitudes of different civilizations toward nails
D) show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time
23、What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?
A) Increased productivity
B) Wider use of new energies
C) Fierce market competition
D) Reduced cost of raw material
24、It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails
A) have undergone many technological improvements
B) have remained basically the same since Roman times
C) are less studied than other everyday products
D) are one of the world's most significant inventions
25、Which of the following best summarizes the last two paragraphs?
A) Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.
B) Technological innovation is integral to economic success.
C) Technology defines people's understanding of the world.
D) Sophisticated technology developed from small inventions.
21-25题目答案DDABA
英语一Text 2
Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to raising more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones, and "baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.
According to Dr. Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for both children and parents.
Dr. Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years to mimic the supervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.
In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention that broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative" which suggests that mothers should manage child care alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences," they wrote.
By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies, adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.
Chaudhary said that parents now had less child care support from family and social networks than during most of human evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a 'knock-on' benefit to a child's wellbeing. An infant born into a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers - this contrasts starkly with nursery settings in the UK where regulations can allow for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.
While hunter-gatherer children learn from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western "instructive teaching", where pupils are asked to sit still, could contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents might also enhance their own social development.
According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to thepractice of___________
26.According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to thepractice of
Asharing childcare among community members
B.assigning babies to specific adult categories
C.teaching parenting skills to older children
D.carrying infants around by their parents
27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate
A.an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication
B.an approach to integrating into western society
C the conventional parenting style in western culture
the differences between western and African ways of living
28. According to paragraph 4, the “intensive mothering narrative
A . alleviates parenting pressures
B. consolidates family relationships
C. results in the child-centered family
D. departs from the course of evolution
29. what can be inferred about the nurseries in the UK?
A. They tend to fall short of official requirements.
B. They have difficulty finding enough carcgives.
C. They ought to improve their career-to-child ratio
D. They should try to prevent parental depression
30. Which of' the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Instructive teaching: a dilemma for anxious parents
B. For a happier family learn from the hunter gatherers
C. Mixed-aged playgroup, a better choice for lonely childrenD. Tracing the history of parenting: from Africa to Europe
26-30题答案ABDCB
英语一Text 3
    Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes. He has made illustrations for games such as Sony’s Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft’s Anno, Dungeons & Dragons, and Magic: The Gathering. And he’s become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.
    His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion, which was launched late last month. The tool, along with other popular image-generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts. For example, type in “Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,” and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski’s style.
    But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.
     According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski’s name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Some of the world’s most famous artists, such as Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso, and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less. Rutkowski’s name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator, Midjourney. Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his.
     "It’s been just a month. What about in a year? I probably won’t be able to find my work out there because [the internet] will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski says. “That’s concerning.”
     Other artists besides Rutkowski have been surprised by the apparentpopularity of their work in text-to-image generatorsand some are nowfighting back Karla Ortiz. an illustrator based in San Francisco who found her work in Stable Diffusion's data set, has been raising awareness about the issuesaround AI art and copyright. Artists say they risk losing income as peoplestart using Al-generated images based on copyrighted material forcommercial purposes. But it's also a lot more personal, Ortiz says, arguingthat because art is so closely linked to a person, it could raise dataprotection and privacy problems.
     "There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how totackle or mitigate this, says Ortiz. The group is in its early days ofmobilization, which could involve pushing for new policies or regulationOne suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the publicdomain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums andartists, Ortiz says.
31. what can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?
A. He is enthusiastic about using Al models
B. He is popular with user of an Al art generator.
C.He attracts admiration tram other illustrators
D.He specializes in classical painting digitalization.
32. The problem with open - source Al art generators is that they
A lack flexibility in responding to prompts
B. produce artworks in unpredictable styles
c. make unauthorized use of online images
D collect user information without consent
33.After searching online, Rutkowski found
A a unique way to reach audiences
B.A new method to identity Al images
C.Al-generated work bearing his name
D. heated disputes regarding his copyright
34. According to Ortiz, Al companies are advised to
A. campaign for new policies or regulation.
B. offer their services to public institutions
c. strengthen their relationship with Al users
D. adopt a different strategy for Al model training
35 What is the text mainly about?
A. Artists' responses to Al art generation
B.AI's expanded role in artistic creation
C. Privacy issues in the application of Al.
D.Opposing views on Al development
31-35答案：BCCDB
英语一Text 3
    Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes. He has made illustrations for games such as Sony’s Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft’s Anno, Dungeons & Dragons, and Magic: The Gathering. And he’s become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.
    His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion, which was launched late last month. The tool, along with other popular image-generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts. For example, type in “Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,” and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowski’s style.
    But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.
     According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski’s name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Some of the world’s most famous artists, such as Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso, and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less. Rutkowski’s name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator, Midjourney. Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his.
     "It’s been just a month. What about in a year? I probably won’t be able to find my work out there because [the internet] will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski says. “That’s concerning.”
     Other artists besides Rutkowski have been surprised by the apparentpopularity of their work in text-to-image generatorsand some are nowfighting back Karla Ortiz. an illustrator based in San Francisco who found her work in Stable Diffusion's data set, has been raising awareness about the issuesaround AI art and copyright. Artists say they risk losing income as peoplestart using Al-generated images based on copyrighted material forcommercial purposes. But it's also a lot more personal, Ortiz says, arguingthat because art is so closely linked to a person, it could raise dataprotection and privacy problems.
     "There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how totackle or mitigate this, says Ortiz. The group is in its early days ofmobilization, which could involve pushing for new policies or regulationOne suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the publicdomain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums andartists, Ortiz says.
31. what can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?
A. He is enthusiastic about using Al models
B. He is popular with user of an Al art generator.
C.He attracts admiration tram other illustrators
D.He specializes in classical painting digitalization.
32. The problem with open - source Al art generators is that they
A lack flexibility in responding to prompts
B. produce artworks in unpredictable styles
c. make unauthorized use of online images
D collect user information without consent
33.After searching online, Rutkowski found
A a unique way to reach audiences
B.A new method to identity Al images
C.Al-generated work bearing his name
D. heated disputes regarding his copyright
34. According to Ortiz, Al companies are advised to
A. campaign for new policies or regulation.
B. offer their services to public institutions
c. strengthen their relationship with Al users
D. adopt a different strategy for Al model training
35 What is the text mainly about?
A. Artists' responses to Al art generation
B.AI's expanded role in artistic creation
C. Privacy issues in the application of Al.
D.Opposing views on Al development
31-35答案：BCCDB
Part B
Directions:Directions: Choose the best statement from the list A.G for each numbered name (41-45). There are two extra choiceswhich you do not nced to usc, Mark your answers on the ANSWERSHEET.(10 points)
41.Hannah
Simplythere are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to theSmithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culturerepresented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them aspart of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of nationalpride.These is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond theordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of thegenerations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum inthe Unitde States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot becompared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from handto hand and place by purchase.
42.Buck
We know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularlyproduced.Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issuesrelating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibitis more important to me than whether the object being displayed is2000vears old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard timeagrecing on what is the rcal objcct and what is a forgcry.Again,the story anexhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the object ondisplay is a distant second place in importance.
43 Sara
When visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across amagnificent 15th-century Chinese sculpture.lt inspired me to learn moreabout the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the powerto inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature oftheir creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find theirway to public museum should,in fact,be sanctioned as having beenobtained on loan, legally purchased or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifactsfrom other peoples’ cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physicaobjects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators
44.Victor
Ancient art that is displayed in foreign countries by all means shouldbe returned to the original country.The foreign countries have no right tohold back returning the items.I would ask that the foreign nations and theoriginal country discuss the terms of transfer. Yes,there is the risk that the original will not have as good security as do the foreign-countries.But lookat what happened to Boston's Gardner Museum theft in 1990,including theloss of Rembrandt Vermeer,Manet and other masterpiece.Nothing isabsolutely safenowhere,and now Climate Change agitators are attackingpublicly displayed work in Europcan muscum
45.Julia
To those of you in the comments section who are having strongfeelings about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britainand returned to their countries of origin.I would ask you to consider:whydo you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the BeninBronzes than people of Nigeria?Why are people who live within a daysdrive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles wherever theywant,but the people of Athens aren't?What intrinsic factors make the Westa suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preservedand displayed by their countries of origin?lf your conclusion is that theWest is better able to preserve these artifacts,think about why you'reassuming that to be true.
[A].It is clear that the countries of origin have never beencompensated for the stolen artifacts.
[B].It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifactsto their countries of origin.
[C].Museum visitors can still learn as mush from artifacts’ copies after the originals
[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly mode,cannot take the place of theauthentic obiect
[E].The real valeu of artifacts can only be recognized in theircountries of origin rather than anywherc else.
[Fl.Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent andlawful
[G].Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifactsto their countries of origin.
41-45答案  ECFGB
Part C
Directions: Read the following texr carefully and then translare thcunderlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWERSHEET (1O poinis)
"Elephats never forget"-or so they-and that piece of folklore seems tohave some foundation.
The African savanna elephats, also known as the Africa bush elephats.is distributed acorss 37 African counties. They move between a variey ofhabitats, including forests, grasslan woodlans,welands.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good atworking out where other elephants are--even when they are out of sight.What is morc, they almost always seem to choose the ncarestwaterhole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephats always knowprcciscly where they ar in rclation to all the resources the need. and cantherefore take shorcuts, as well as following familiar routes .
Although the cucs used by African elephants for long-distancenavigation arenot yet understood, smell may well play a part.
Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was knownabouthow they selected their food.(48) One possibility was that thevmerely used their eves and tried out the plants they found, but that wouldprobably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because theireyesight is actually not very good.
(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a longway, andthey are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its ownparticular odor signature. What is more, they can be detected even wherthey are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucialfactor in guiding elephants-and probably other herbivores-to the best foodresources.
The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephantspreferredeither to cat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a“food stationexperiment, in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell. (50) The experiment showed that elephantsmay well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat. andsecondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch. Free-rangingelephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferrecfood.
Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants.like ratsand people, to construct cognitive maps.
46.它们有时会跋涉60多英里去寻找食物或者水，并且非常善于找出其它大象在哪里-即使这些大象在视线之外。
47.研究人员确信,关于他们所需的所有资源,大象总是准确地指导自己在哪里，因此他们可以走捷径，也可以沿着熟悉的路线走。
48.一种可能性是，他们只是用眼睛来试验发现的植物，但这可能会浪费大量的时间和精力，尤其因为它们的视力实际上不是很好。
49.植物产生的挥发性化学物质可以散发很远的距离，而且这些物质非常有特点:每一种植物或树木都有自己独特的气味特征。
50.试验表明，大象可以很好地利用嗅觉来识别适合食用的树木片区，其次评估每个片区内树木的品质。