2018年军队文职统一考试《专业科目》外国语言文学类—英语试题

一、语法与词汇。根据题目要求，在选项中选出恰当的选项
1
My idea of a holiday is to book myself into a five-star hotel and just          in the luxury for a week.
A、bellow
B、burrow
C、fallow
D、wallow
2
The          in Janet's character has hindered her from advancement in her career. 
A、deficiency
B、demerit
C、defect
D、shortcoming
3
We hadn't realized that there would be a power cut so we are astonished when the whole house was          into the darkness.
A、dropped
B、dived
C、drowned
D、plunged
4
Citizens who refuse or evade          in times of war are to be sentenced to two years of fixed-term imprisonment if the situation is serious.
A、tax
B、confiscation
C、working
D、conscription
5
He worked as a builder in Chicago          half his monthly wage to his family in the Philippines.
A、refunded
B、remitted
C、reposed
D、rebuffed
6
The scene is so beautiful that it          my power of description.
A、transports
B、transfers
C、transcend
D、transforms
7
My grandfather, a retired worker, often          the past with a feeling of longing and respect.
A、contemplates
B、contrives
C、considers
D、contacts
8
Their happiness was very         .
A、crisp
B、brittle
C、delicate
D、fragile
9
Despite his wealth and position, he has an          personality. 
A、unassuming
B、unprecedented
C、undermining
D、uncouth
10
Although the disease threatens the lives of several thousand people every year, the          of supplies and equipment has hampered the progress of medical research for a cure.
A、rarity
B、scarcity
C、infrequency
D、poverty
11
Reports say that earlier this year, the suspect was taken to a hospital for medical treatment but remained in police         .
A、curfew
B、custody
C、detainment
D、bail
12
As my exams are coming next week, I will take advantage of this week to          on some reading.
A、catch up
B、clear up
C、make up
D、pick up
13
To save gas, people should be encouraged to join the car          instead of fining them when found in such activities.
A、pool
B、club
C、group
D、service
14
Rain is welcome, but a (an)          large amount of rainfall will cause floods. 
A、extensively
B、extremely
C、specially
D、constantly
15
Apart from philosophical and legal reasons for respecting patients' wishes, there are several practical reasons why doctors should          to involve patients in their medical care decisions.
A、enhance
B、enforce
C、endeavor
D、struggle
16
         with the size of the country, the number of population does not seem large at all.
A、Compared
B、Be compared
C、Comparing
D、Compare
17
Stephen Hawking has made another wonderful discovery,          of great importance to science.
A、which I think it is
B、think which is
C、of which I think
D、which I think is
18
We went to the nightclub last night, and we asked the waiter for          and         . 
A、two cups of tea；four coffee
B、two teas；four coffee
C、two teas；four coffees
D、two cup of tea；four cup of coffee
19
The committee can't come to a decision, because          at odds.
A、they are
B、it is
C、it has
D、they have
20
Engines to machines          hearts to animals.
A、like
B、as
C、what
D、when
二、基础常识。根据题目要求，在选项中选出恰当的选项
21
Which of the following is in the southwest of America?（    ）
A、Maine
B、Colorado
C、Arizona
D、Both A and B
22
During the reign of         , the church in England asserted its independence from the Roman Catholic Church.
A、Edward VI
B、King John
C、King Jams I
D、Henry VII
23
         is the highest juridical officer in Britain.
A、The Lord Chancellor
B、The Home Secretary
C、The Attorney General
D、The prime minister
24
The Economist is one of the most important          in Britain. 
A、weekly reviews
B、quarterly reviews
C、daily newspapers
D、Sunday newspapers
25
Transcendentalism is movement started in the US by         .
A、Washington Irving
B、Ralph Waldo Emerson
C、Henry David Thoreau
D、Nathaniel Hawthorne
26
In cross-cultural communication,         mistakes is not so obvious as grammatical ones but are even more disastrous.
A、semantic
B、pragmatic
C、phonetic
D、stylistic
27
The word meaning in the dictionary is called the          meaning.
A、connotative
B、denotative
C、collective
D、stylistic
28
         is sometimes called “the world's biggest farm”.
A、Australia
B、New Zealand
C、Canada
D、the United States
29
In the history of English literature, the second half of the 18th  century is sometimes  called         .
A、Pope
B、Dryden
C、Johnson
D、Defoe
30
Which of the following is not one of "the Lake Poets"?  （    ）
A、William Wordsworth
B、Samuel Taylor Coleridge
C、Robert Southey
D、Walter Scott
三、阅读理解。根据题目要求，在选项中选出恰当的选项
（一）
TEXT A
1. A planet believed to be remarkably similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting a distant sun-like star, bolstering hopes of finding life elsewhere in the universe, US scientists said on Thursday. The planet, which is about 60 percent larger than Earth, is located 1400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by astronomer using NASA's kepler space  telescope and it circles a star that is similar to size and temperature to the sun, but older.
2. "In my mind, this is the closest thing we have to another planet like the Earth," astronomer Jenkins told reporters on a conference call, "It's simply awe-inspiring to consider that this planet, Kepler-452b, has spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star. That's considerable time and opportunity for life exist on this planet." he said. Kepler- 452b is positioned as far from its parent star as Earth is from the sun, completing an orbit in 385 days, compared to Earth's 365-day orbit. At that distance, surface temperature would be suitable for liquid water, a condition to be believed critical for life.
3. Scientists previously have found Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars' so-called "habitable zones", but those stars are cooler and smaller than the sun, a G2 type yellow star. NASA launched the Kepler telescope in 2009 to survey a sampling of nearby stars in an attempt to learn if planets like Earth were common in the galaxy.
4. "This is great great progress in finding a planet like Earth that is similar in size and temperature around non-like star," said Kepler scientist Jeff Coughlin, "With a rations 60 percent larger than the Earth, this planet has a somewhat better chance of being rocky." Jeff said, though this conclusion is based on statistic analysis and computer modeling, not direct evidence. If so, Kepler-452b could be about five times as massive as Earth and has gravity that is twice as strong as what exists on Earth surface. The planet also could have a thick atmosphere, cloudy skies and active volcanoes, Jenkin said.
5. With the discovery of Kepler-452b, the telescope has found 1030 confirmed planets include 11 other near-Earth twins, none of which circle sun-like stars. The telescope cannot see planets directly, but measures minute in light coming from target stars. Sophisticated computer programs and follow-up observations with ground based telescopes then determine if some of the light dips are caused by planets passing in front of their parent stars, relative to Kepler's line of sight. Attempts to learn if Kepler-452b has an atmosphere likely will have to wait for a new generation of more sensitive space telescope, said NASA's associate administrator John Grunsfeld.
31
According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is TRUE? （    ）
A、Planet very similar to Earth has been discovered orbiting the sun.
B、The planet is about 160 percent the size of the Earth.
C、It would take a space shuttle about 1400 years to get to the planet.
D、The planet circles a star that is about the size, temperature and age of the sun.
32
What does the passage say about the Kepler space telescope? （    ）
A、The telescope changes its measures every minute.
B、Computer programs and ground-based observations are used to determine whether a planet spotted by Kepler has a parent star.
C、The most important mission of the telescope was to survey a sampling of nearby stars.
D、The telescope needs to wait for a new generation to discover whether Kepler-452b has an atmosphere.
33
According to paragraph 4, Kepler-452b         .
A、is very likely to be rocky
B、has a very slim chance of being rocky
C、is very unlikely to be rocky
D、has an average chance of being rocky
34
It's very possible for life to rise on Kepler-452b because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT          .
A、It takes Kepler-452b 385 days to complete its orbit.
B、Its parent star is very similar to the sun.
C、It's been orbiting its parent star for about 6 billion years.
D、It is rocky and has liquid water.
35
It can be inferred from the passage that         .
A、of all the stars discovered so far, Kepler-452b is the most similar to the Earth.
B、previously found the Earth-sized planets orbiting in stars' habitable zones' are suitable for life.
C、if Kepler-452b is rocky, it could have gravity twice as strong as what exists on Earth's surface.
D、now people have found 12 Earth-like planets circling sun-like stars.
（二）
TEXT B
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha-experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
36
According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways  EXCEPT to？（    ）
A、Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.
B、Identify a problem.
C、Bring together disparate facts.
D、Stipulate clear goals.
37
The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2？
A、They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
B、They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
C、They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
D、They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
38
It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis？（    ）
A、Manager X analyzes first and then acts； Manager Y does not.
B、Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis； Manager Y does not.
C、Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem； Manager Y does not.
D、Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem； Manager X does not.
39
The text provides support for which of the following statements？（    ）
A、Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
B、Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
C、Managers' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.
D、Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.
40
 Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？（    ）
A、An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.
B、Conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
C、The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
D、Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
（三）
TEXT C
Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.
Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.
Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors？Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.
Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works? Yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomey's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.
41
The author of the text is primarily concerned with         .
A、Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.
B、Comparing various critical approaches to a subject.
C、Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.
D、Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.
42
The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt         .
A、Evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.
B、Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.
C、Explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.
D、Assessed the relatives literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.
43
The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as         . 
A、Pedantic and contentious.
B、Critical but admiring.
C、Ironic and deprecating.
D、Argumentative but unfocused.
44
The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt's book EXCEPT         .
A、Rhetorical questions
B、Specific examples
C、Comparison and contrast
D、Definition of terms
45
The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to         .
A、point out affinities between Rosenblatt's method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism.
B、clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.
C、qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt's book made in the first paragraph of the passage.
D、give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt's work.
（四）
TEXT D
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.
The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English-they would rather have stayed home? By the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.
Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants; another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.
Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.
Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.
46
Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text？（    ）
A、larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
B、Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
C、Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.
D、By the 1730s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers.
47
The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to          .
A、Give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England.
B、Describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States.
C、Take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land.
D、Relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the character of the United States.
48
 Which of the following best summarizes the author’s evaluation of Bailyn’s fourth proposition？（    ）
A、It is totally implausible.
B、It is partially acceptable.
C、It is highly admirable.
D、It is controversial though persuasive.
49
According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England？（    ）
A、High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England.
B、The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by historians.
C、The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own.
D、The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England.
50
The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Bailyn's work？（    ）
A、Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture.
B、Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great Britain.
C、Bailyn’s description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect.
D、Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America.
四、英汉互译。英汉互译
51
请把下段文字翻译成英语：
第二，共建开放创新的世界经济。创新发展是引领世界经济持续发展的必然选择。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革正处在实现重大突破的历史关口。各国应该加强创新合作，推动科技同经济深度融合，加强创新成果共享，努力打破制约知识、技术、人才等创新要素流动的壁垒，支持企业自主开展技术交流合作，让创新源泉充分涌流。为了更好运用知识的创造以造福人类，我们应该共同加强知识产权保护，而不是搞知识封锁，制造甚至扩大科技鸿沟。
52
 请把下段文字翻译成汉语：
The word "winner" and "loser" have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsible, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.
Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don't pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others; evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound or awed by them.
Winners do not play "helpless", nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.

1、D2、C3、D4、D5、B6、C7、A8、D9、A10、B11、B12、D13、A14、B15、C16、A17、D18、C19、A20、C21、C22、D23、A24、A25、B26、B27、B28、B29、C30、D31、B32、D33、A34、C35、C36、D37、D38、C39、D40、B41、A42、D43、B44、D45、D46、D47、D48、B49、A50、A
1
本题考查形近词辨析。
题目意为“我对于休假的设想是，为自己预订一家五星级宾馆，整整一周都沉醉在奢华的享受中。”A选项“吼叫，惨叫”；B选项“挖洞，钻入”；C选项“休耕，潜伏”；D选项“沉迷，陷入”。横线处需要一个不及物动词，表示使自己沉溺于某物，根据词义选择D项。
故正确答案为D。
2
本题考查近义词辨析。
题目意为“珍妮特性格中的缺点阻碍了她事业上的进步。”四个选项都包含缺少的意思。A选项指缺乏某种元素，B选项主要用于过失、过错，C选项指人性格上较大的缺点，D选项指普通的缺点、毛病。空格处强调性格上的较大缺陷，所以C选项最符合题意。
故正确答案为C。
3
本题考查近义词辨析。
题目意为“我们没有想到会停电，所以当整座房子陷入黑暗时，我们感到很惊讶。”A选项“落下，滴下”，B选项“潜水，俯冲”，C选项“淹死，浸没”，D选项“（使）投入，（使）陷入”，一般与into连用，指陷入某种状态，因此选择D项。
故正确答案为D。
4
本题考查近义词辨析。
题目意为“在战时，公民拒绝或逃避征兵，情节严重的，处二年有期徒刑。”A选项“税金”，B选项“没收，征用”，C选项“工作，干活”，D选项“征兵，征召”。根据题意，在战时，公民逃避某件事情可能导致刑罚的，最大的可能是逃避征兵，D选项最符合题意。
故正确答案为D。
5
本题考查近义词辨析。
题目意为“他在芝加哥做建筑工人，每月把一半的工资汇给他在菲律宾的家人。”A选项“退还，归还”，B选项“汇款”，C选项“休息，寄托”，D选项“断然拒绝，漠不关心”。根据题意，他在芝加哥工作，将收入的一半寄回家中，B选项汇款意思最为符合。
故正确答案为B。
6
本题考查同根词辨析。
题目意为“景色太美了，我无法用语言描绘。”A选项“运送，运输”，B选项“转移，变换”，C选项“胜过，超越”，D选项“变换，变形”。根据题意，so+形容词+that，表示“如此······以至于······”，风景太美以至于超过语言描绘的能力，C选项符合题意。
故正确答案为C。
7
本题考查同根词辨析。
题目意为“我祖父是名退休工人，他经常带着思念和敬意回忆过去。”A选项“沉思，注视”，与后面的the past搭配，表示回忆过去；B选项“设计，发明”；C选项“考虑，认为”；D选项“接触，联系”。根据题意，祖父经常回忆过去，A选项符合题意。
故正确答案为A。
8
本题考查近义词辨析。
题目意为“他们的幸福极其脆弱易碎。”四个选项都包含脆弱的意思。A选项指食物的松脆；B选项指本来坚硬的东西变得易碎易坏，如老年人骨质疏松；C选项指精致柔弱；D选项指需要小心才不会碎掉。这里指他们的幸福非常不稳固，需要小心保护。所以D选项最符合题意。
故正确答案为D。
9
本题考查近义词辨析。
题目意为“尽管他身份高贵、家境殷实，但却性格谦逊。”A选项“谦逊的”，B选项“空前的，无前例的”，C选项“侵蚀，削弱”，D选项“笨拙的，粗野的”，题目中有despite，表示前后分词之间存在转折含义，而且despite对转折后面的内容有肯定的意味。一个人有身份有财富，但性格却低调谦逊，A选项最符合题意。
故正确答案为A。
10
本题考查近义词辨析。
题目意为“尽管这种疾病每年威胁着几千人的生命，但材料和设备的匮乏制约了对治疗方法开展医学研究的进程。”A选项“罕见，珍贵”，B选项“不足，缺乏”，C选项“罕见、很少发生”，D选项“贫穷，贫困”。根据题意，阻碍研究进展的是物资方面的不足，B选项最符合题意。
故正确答案为B。
11
本题考查近义词辨析。
题目意为“报道称，今年早些时候该嫌犯已被送往医院接受治疗，但仍在警方羁押之下。”A选项“宵禁，晚钟”，B选项“羁押，拘留”，C选项“挽留，延误”，D选项“保释”。police custody，意为警方羁押，B选项最符合题意。
故正确答案为B。
12
本题考查up词组辨析。
题目意为“鉴于下周要考试了，我准备利用这周的时间去读些书。”A选项“赶上，追上”，习惯用法是catch up with；B选项“清理，打扫”；C选项“构成，编造”；D选项“学会，拾起”。pick up on some reading，读一些书，D选项最符合题意。
故正确答案为D。
13
本题考查词义辨析。
题目意为“为了节省汽油，应该鼓励人们进行汽车共乘，而不是对这样的举动罚款。”A选项“水塘，共同资金”，B选项“俱乐部，社团”，C选项“群体，团体”，D选项“检修，服务”。car pool，意为汽车共乘，拼车，与题意相符。
故正确答案为A。
14
本题考查副词辨析。
题目意为“降雨广受欢迎，但雨量过大会引起洪灾。”A选项“广阔地，普遍地”，强调范围；B选项“极其地，极端地”，强调程度；C选项“特别地，专门地”，表示强调；D选项“不断地，时常地”，强调频次。句中要表现的雨量的程度极大，B选项最符合题意。
故正确答案为B。
15
本题考查词义辨析。
题目意为“除了尊重病人意愿的伦理和法律原因外，之所以说医生应该努力让病人参与他们的医疗决策还有几个实际原因。”A选项“提高，巩固”，B选项“执行，支持”，C选项“努力，尽力”，D选项“资助，捐赠”。endeavor to do sth. 努力做某事，其它几个选项后面都接名词（或代词）作宾语，一般不用动词不定式。C选项符合题意。
故正确答案为C。
16
本题考查动词的时态和语态。
题目意为“与这个国家的面积相比，人口数量其实一点也不多。”从句子结构来分析，逗号后部分是一个结构完整的分句，在没有连接词的情况下，前面只能使用非谓语的结构，同时因为被比较，要使用被动语态，A选项符合题意。
故正确答案为A。
17
本题考查定语从句。
题目意为“史蒂芬·霍金又有了一个伟大的发现，这个发现对科学具有重要意义。”去掉插入语I think后，后句为非限制性定语从句，由which引导，指代前面的发现在从句中做主语。
故正确答案为D。
18
本题考查量词。
题目意为“我们昨晚去了夜店，向服务生点了两杯茶和四杯咖啡。”正常的用法是two cups of tea；four cups of coffee。由于没有这个选项，那么在口语中可以用two teas；four coffees代替。
故正确答案为C。
19
本题考查主谓一致。
题目意为“委员会不能作出决定，因为他们意见不一致。”committee委员会，是一个既能做单数也能做复数的集体名词，这里强调意见不一致，需要将它看作是不同的个体，be at odds，存在争执。
故正确答案为A。
20
本题考查连词。
题目意为“机器的发动机相当于动物的心脏。”固定句型结构：A is to B what C is to D，意思是：A对于B的重要性，就如同C对于D的重要性一样。此句中省略了is。
故正确答案为C。
21
本题考查基础常识。
题目意为“下列哪个地方在美国西南部？”A选项“缅因州”，B选项“科罗拉多州”，C选项“亚利桑那州”，D选项“A、B选项都是”。几个选项都是美国的州，缅因州在东北角，科罗拉多州在西部，亚利桑那州在西南部，C选项正确。
故正确答案为C。
22
本题考查基础常识。
题目意为“在        的统治时期，英国教会宣称它从罗马天主教会中独立出来。”A选项“爱德华六世（1537-1553）”，B选项“约翰王（1167-1216）”，C选项“詹姆斯一世（1566-1625）”，D选项“亨利八世（1491-1547）”。亨利八世在位期间推行宗教改革，将当时英国主教立为英国国教会大主教，使英国教会脱离罗马教廷。D选项正确。
故正确答案为D。
23
本题考查基础常识。
题目意为“         是英国的最高司法官员。”A选项“大法官”，B选项“内政大臣”，C选项“司法部长”，D选项“首相”。美国的司法长官是The Attorney General，司法部长。英国的司法长官是The Lord Chancellor，大法官，A选项正确。
故正确答案为A。
24
本题考查基础常识。
题目意为“《经济学人》是英国最重要的        之一。”A选项“周刊”，B选项“季刊”，C选项“日报”，D选项“星期日报”。《经济学人》每周四晚上在世界六个地方同步印刷，每周六全球同步出版，4-5期/月。A选项正确。
故正确答案为A。
25
本题考查基础常识。
题目意为“超验主义是由美国的        发起的运动”，A选项“华盛顿·欧文”，B选项“拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生”，C选项“亨利·戴维·梭罗”，D选项“纳撒尼尔·霍桑”。美国超验主义（American Transcendentalism）是美国的一个重要思潮，它兴起于十九世纪三十年代的新英格兰地区，是美国思想史上一次重要的思想解放运动，是真正影响美国的文学风格的开始。一般认为，爱默生是超验主义的倡导者。B选项正确。
故正确答案为B。
26
本题考查基础常识。
题目意为“在跨文化交际中，        错误不像语法上的错误那么明显，但往往造成更严重的后果。”A项“语义的，语义学的”，B项“实际的，用途的”，C项“语音的，语音学的”，D项“体裁上的，格式上的”。跨文化交际中语用失误（pragmatic mistakes）包括词汇、言语行为方式、礼貌差异和价值观等方面，是跨文化交际中容易出现的问题。